Internet Protocol Suite - Communication Protocol

Internet Layer makes internet working possible the primary protocol are defined below. In order address the right route IP address number is assigned to each computer on the Internet Network.   

IP Address are written in a way that humans can read and remember them.

Ex.192.192.1.1 

IP address are managed by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and another five registrants responsible for regional database on addresses. 

They are:

• African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC)
• American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)
• Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC)
• Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC)
• Réseaux IP Europeans Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)

Commonly known as TCP/IP in the Internet Protocol Suite it is set of protocols that make transmission of data on the interconnected network of computers possible. In the Internet Protocol Suite the data is authenticated and encrypted and sent to the data stream.    

TCP stands for transmission control protocol provides flow of bytes on to the host computer on the Internet. WWW, file transfer, email messaging all rely on TCP.     

IP is an abbreviation for Internet Protocol.  The main function is to deliver packets from source host to the destination host using the IP Address to route.  Hence it address IP address of both the source and the destination host. The main hardware is the router that enables the transfer of datagram of packets.    

IP has two versions in is Internet Protocol Version 4 or IPv 4 and another IPv6 the latter is less popular but the usage is growing. IPv4 defines IP Address as 32 bit number while IPv6 defines IP address as 128 bit.    

Web Browser Software & Application Protocols

What you see, download, listen, record all has become possible thanks to the web browser. It is nothing but a software application that has been made interactive is such a manner that all said above has become a reality. This is what has made the Internet so popular - windows & web browser.   

For retrieving that all that is contained in a website, blog, video, audio the web browser interprets the URL. Modern browsers are equipped with GUI or graphic user interface. The user or the visitor is the retriever to whom the browser fetches information as per the URL. Hence the person inputs the URL information in the address bar or in case of SERPs he or she clicks on the desired link similarly one can click on an external link embedded on the website or blog etc. Plugin assist in enabling the retrieval of  application that is not part of the browser. Like wise browser extension enhance the functionality for a better user experience. Web browsers are enabled with many associated features like history, bookmarking facility and so on usually managed from the settings.  

Some of the popular web browsers are Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Internet Explorer, Safari and Microsoft edge.          

HTTP or HTTPS      

Enable this retrieval is http: or https: which is a hyper text transfer protocol the latter is secured where data is transferred in an encrypted form hence most preferred as well. The protocol is meant to enable request and subsequent response for the web browser. In simple terms the protocol enables the client to receive response from the server where the website if hosted. This is not just one request but rather a sequence of requests from the server using the TCP or transfer control protocol. There may be substantial number of queries arising from request for image, content, audio and scripts embedded in the html page using the http protocol. The HTTP consists of the protocol that is http: or https: followed by www then followed by domain name which could be .com. edu. .org, country specific name and so on.      

Ex. 

http://www.websitepromotion-india.com 

This information travels over TCP and then IP (Internet Protocal) and the response travels backwards to the users browser. The URL above is also known as the top level domain or TLD for short.   

Name Servers & ICANN

The name server is where the domain is hosted. They are served by root name servers or root zones that  converts the alphabetical request into numerical request. There are total thirteen root zones managed by an organisation called ICANN the full form is International Corporation of Assigned Name and Numbers. 

This name server is clubbed with the hosting server where the website is placed. Hence the request is instantly connected with the right address.     

Server Queries & Downloading speed. 

Though not related server queries end up making the download slower as the browser is able to send only a few queries at a time. Hence the design of the HTML page should be such that few queries are entertained which results of faster download.     

Website download speed is usually a comparison between the website on SERPS that respond to a user request in form of a keyword typed on Google page. Hence whence compared with fastest website downloading in one second the one that takes five second to download is deemed slower. 

Understanding The Internet

Initiated as a network between two computers using a phone line this phenomenon has grown exponentially into an indispensable extension of our lives. How we communicate, search for information to satisfy our queries and conduct eCommerce all depends upon this extensive networking of computers and servers using various kinds of communication lines not only the phone.  

Within this vast network exists small private networks, institutional networks closed groups and many social media platforms that play varied roles.

WWW

The websites are hosted on the cyber space provided by the servers and then networked. This exponentially expanding space is known as the WWW or World Wide Web. Each resource is having a unique locator called URL which stands for universal resource locator.       

IP Address

Since the Internet is a web of millions of computers each computer must have a recognition and this comes about by each having an IP address. The protocol denotes that the IP address should be a number ranging from 0 to 255 in format nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn

A computer always has a unique IP address but in various types of networks a temporary address can be assigned during the connected session. This can happen in the case of LAN through the DHCP or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. In case of ISP or Internet Service Provider a temporary IP address is assigned.      

Packets & Protocol Stack & TCP/IP 

The Internet date flowing from a computer through a phone line is always in manageable packets which are electronic signals they are then converted back into alphabetical signals on your machine. This is done using the protocol stack which is built into the operating system. The protocol is referred as TCP/IP.      

The message flow from one computer to another is through the application to the hardware Ethernet cable and modem to another computer hardware using the Internet. Here it is sent to the application using the protocol.   

Hence   

Application
TCP  to specific application using a port number

IP  to specific computer using IP address
Hardware  

A reverse sequence then followed using the TCP/IP protocol.